Study guide answer exam

Keep in mind that I am looking at your exam questions while writing the study guide. Be sure you know what the terms are, how they have been researched, and describe your answers In your own words. I decided to limit your test to the first three chapters. You can do quite well focusing on the material below. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts? Using drugs puts an excess amount of neurotransmitters in the body.When there is an overflow the brain stops making it naturally and when the drug wears off it takes mime for the brain to star making the chemical once again on its own system. Some neurotransmitters are dopamine, serotonin, Acetylene's, Morphogenesis, Gamma- nonparametric acid, Endorphins. Endorphins are natural opiates. Brooch's area and Wrinkle's area in the brain and their responsibilities. B- speaking W-understanding What does It mean to be randomly assigned? The design of a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to an y group or condition.What does it mean to be debriefed? A discussion of procedures, hypothesis. And subject reactions at the completion of the study. Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. A correlation exists when 2 variables are related to each other. May be positive or negative depends on nature of the association between the variables measured. Correlation Indicates the 2 variables that change together In the opposite direction. Strength of correlation depends on size of coefficient.Be very clear about the difference between correlation and causation. What is responsible for carrying information from the central nervous system to tissue? What s an independent and dependent variable? What do we know about Alchemist's disease, schizophrenia and neurotransmitters? Alchemist's brains show to have low levels of ACH-Acetylene's. Schizophrenia is linked to excess levels of dopamine. What Is an agonies/antagonist and how do they work? Chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.Antagonist *jiff]: Chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter. Agonies works with the muscles, and the antagonist is the muscle working against it Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments. Structuralism was eased on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements related. Functionalism was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather that it's structure.Natural selection inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely the alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be â€Å"selected† over time. Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualit ies of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. What is research replication and why do it?The repetition of study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated. What were the Greek philosophers interested in discovering? Know our policies described on our syllabus well. Know the key points and messages of ALL of our video presentations; Know all of the research methods discussed in class along with their strengths and weaknesses. What is the magical responsible for? What comprises the limbic system, endocrine system, sympathetic nervous system, peripheral nervous system & central nervous system.Limbic systemic: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippopotamus, and the magical. Endocrine systemic>?k G: Group of glandless* that secrete†Z chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily function. Sympathetic nervous immobilizers the body resources for emergencies. Peripheral nervous all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Cent ral nervous G: Brain and spinal cord. How do neurons communicate? Axons and dendrites carry information to and from the cell body. Neurotransmitters send signals chemically between neurons.What is the placebo effect? According to ancient Greek civilizations, what is psychology? A definition for a topic of study. Psyche was used to refer to the soul, spirit, or mind, as distinguished from the Know all of your brain lobes, their location and their responsibilities. Frontal lobes: speaking, muscle movements, making plans, Judgments Parietal lobes: sensory area Occipital lobes: vision Temporal lobes: auditory In order to measure either a physical or mental construct, what criteria must the measure meet?Mean, median, mode they have been researched, and describe your answers in your own words. I decided material below. Learn a lot and earn an A. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts (hint: What are the brains' natural opiates called)? Text & Lecture Your brain sto p produce dopamine†¦ Because the drug give too much†¦ And when you stop taking them. There are no dopamine left What does it mean to be randomly assigned? Text & Lecture Randomly select object or†¦.It can generalize the whole population that represent chi What does it mean to be debriefed? Text Ex: give you the different reason for certain study†¦ And tell you the truest after Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. Text & Lecture Ex: something cause other things to happen†¦ A cause B†¦ Ex: not study cause bad grade†¦ Mathematical representation—positive +1 no correlation negative correlation -1 as the research close to O, that means it have no correlation What's the relationship between ice cream sales and pool drowning?Lecture Relation between this too is summer. Cause more sale in ice cream, the more people go swim and more people drowning. A- ice cream b-PDP C heat c cause A and B so more B=more What is an inde pendent and dependent variable? Text & Lecture Independent-music they listen dependent- how many world they memorize (amount that been measure) to Lecture Alchemies – schizophrenia-have ex dopamine or lack neurotransmitters (page 75)(he like to test drugs and what effect) What is an agonies/ antagonist and how do they work?Lecture Agonies- keep the reaction going antagonist-stop the reaction going (ex antagonist can stop the pain) Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments?structuralisms, Functionalists, Behaviorist's, etc. Lecture Structuralism- need name v†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ First school in German-take what you have experience and break down-(ex what make you anger) Functionalism- †¦. James – ex(why people drop out school†¦ ) stall-study the whole not parts of the brain he study dreams†¦ Hypnoses John Watson-more about behavior and something that can measure skinner-rewards and punishment

Future of Marketing: Recent Trends, Emerging Issues & Future Outlook Essay

Marketing decisions are an important part of the management practice. Large-scale databases and applications are methods that have increased tremendously over the years. â€Å"In the twenty-first century we expect that marketing managers will increasingly customize products and services and the supporting marketing programs.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) There have been several areas that have advanced in the future of marketing. Most organizations have customized services and products to customers’ needs and wants. This has become a normal activity in order to stay competitive in today’s market. A guest editorial written by Naresh K. Malhotra explains that â€Å"leading scholars from several different areas of marketing were invited to contribute† to answer such questions as â€Å"What have we learned? What gaps remain? Is marketing as a discipline well positioned to meet the challenges of the next century? What future directions should marketing take?† (Malhotra, 1999) These questions are vital to refine the present theories in order to meet future challenges in marketing. Marketing research is a useful tool in checking how things are going as well as to find out if there are any unanticipated problems that may arise. Finding any gaps in marketing is also found by research and can help in the implementation of new technology of the future. Knowing how to attract more potential cliental is a direction that marketing needs to take in order to stay competitive in the global market. Implementing a gap analysis will help in finding out if there are any gaps in the marketing of any product. This analysis will identify what needs to be addressed and how to address the issue. This will also help in finding the type of market the product should be marketed. The analysis will also help in meeting the challenges of the next century and what direction the company needs to take in marketing their product. â€Å"The 20th century saw considerable advances in both marketing theory and practice.† (Taylor, 2000) At the end of the century, important research developed that has advanced knowledge in several areas that include relationship marketing, international marketing, and marketing services to name a few. But the introduction of cyberspace has been the largest emerging issue in marketing. With the internet becoming very useful to the consumer, these users have increased sales dramatically. â€Å"However, keeping up with the rapid advances in technology will be a challenge for marketing researchers for years to come.† (Taylor, 2002) Notably there are a few areas that have realized that â€Å"In today’s environment, customer share should replace market share, customer managers should replace brand managers, and customer profitability should replace product profitability. With the vast increases in information technology it is now possible to apply these ideas in consumer markets. Financial service and transportation firms appear to be making steady progress in this direction.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) Take for an example, our public transportation here in Pinellas County. Just recently this organization has placed investigators onboard these busses to ask customers questions on how the service is and what improvements should be done. In the last couple of months there have been a few new bus routes added to accommodate new customers in areas that haven’t had any bus routes before. The future of marketing today has a few bumps to overcome. One is in the academic field, where there is a concern whether academic classes are closing the gap from the past to the future and the other is marketing through the internet. The role of academic marketing helps in the theory and methods in the practice of marketing in the future. â€Å"There is an alarming and growing gap between the interests, standards, and priorities of academic marketers and the needs of marketing executives operating in an ambiguous, uncertain, fast-changing, and complex marketspace.† (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2000) This growing gap is becoming damaging to the marketing long-term outcome for the future. The future of business schools is to advance the practice of business, practice of marketing which includes its impact on business strategy, the businesses success and society’s ability to address these challenges, and should become a part of the decision in advancement in the marketing field. With the education that business schools provide, the decisions on relevant issues and making a difference in the practice of the marketing student. This is one field that the future of marketing needs to work on in order to have educated personnel. It is unfortunate that the academics field of marketing doesn’t seem to advance quickly in the information provided, but the future can hold new information as the marketing field continues to grow and have more models to give illustrations. The future â€Å"for the whole marketing academic community to work on relevant business problems is an easier path to undertake after tenure has been achieved than before, at least until the structural changes are in place.† (Reibstein, Day & Wind, 2009) This is well said and does show that the future in marketing academics is going to be something to take into consideration for any future business major The future of marketing should provide more emphasis on societal research. â€Å"There are three further issues that merit consideration: (1) intrinsic research characteristics and constraints, (2) research receptivity by the journal reviewers today, and (3) personal motivation and purpose.† (Wilkie & Moore, 2012) All of the above considerations are based on facts, theories, methods and applications learned. Studying marketing in society will offer many opportunities and careers that will invite future marketers to pursue. Online marketing is another form of marketing for the future. This form of strategy allows the organization to â€Å"demonstrate the growing power of online communities in building brand reputations and customer relationships.† (Harris & Rae, 2009) When first introduced, the internet only provided customers to view the organizations web site. Now social networks advertise products for companies worldwide. Social networks such as YouTube and Facebook use company’s advertisements to provide a free service to those networks clients, and to help the companies that advertise to market their product. Social networking is changing the way businesses and their customers relate to one another. Social networking does have a good side and a bad side. On the good side of social networking, a company can offer a means where customers can write a review of the company’s product and other customers are able to read these reviews. This can lead to more customers providing that the reviews are positive. The bad side of social networking is criticism of the customer service provided by the company. If a customer had a bad experience, they would post that experience to the company’s blog or to an online community such as www.getsatisfaction.com. This website provides a forum for customers to raise questions or to complain about a wide range of companies resulting in discussions displayed for other inquirers to search and view. The only thing wrong with this site is if the company doesn’t monitor this site and give input to the complaint, the company may look to the consumer as hiding something. Although this is all new and still in the beginning stages, social networking can be a very useful new tool for organizations in the future. . References Dekimpe, M. G., & Hanssens, D. M. (2000). Time-series models in marketing: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 183-193. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00014-8 Harris, L., & Rae, A. (2009). Social networks: the future of marketing for small business. Journal of Business Strategy, 30(5), 24-31. doi: 10.1108/02756660910987581 Leeflang, P. S. H., & Wittnk, D. R. (2000). Building models for marketing decisions:: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 105-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00008-2 Malhotra, N. K. (1999). Guest editorial: The past, present, and future of the marketing discipline. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science., 27(2), 116-119. doi: 10.1177/0092070399272001 Reibstein, D. J., Day, G., & Wind, J. (2009). Guest editorial: Is marketing academia losing its way?. American Marketing Association, 73(4), 1-3. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.4.1 Taylor, C. R. (2000 ). Emerging issues in marketing. (6 ed., Vol. 17, pp. 441-447). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wilkie, W., & Moore, E. (2012). Expanding our understanding of marketing in society. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 53-73. doi: 10.1007/s11747-011-0277-y

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Essay Example Literature Review According to medical field, ADHD is caused by Defect in the central nervous system of a child. The doctors suggest that this disorder can be controlled to an extent by the elimination of refined sugar and other food additives. â€Å"Among students with ADHD, medication treatment was not related to better adjustment or diminished ADHD symptoms. The contribution of inattention to academic concerns and depressive symptoms remained significant when controlling for personality traits†(Rabiner,2007,pg. 689-6990).However, nature is found to be the best medicine for this disorder at all times. Children learning in an open space with access to tress, plants, flowers and waterfalls have seen to be more attentive and pleasant while learning. Method The method used in this research is the quantitative research method, where in the effectiveness of natural treatment on ADHD suffering children is analyzed by surveys. The behavioral patterns of the children when accessed to natural surrounding is studied by survey a better idea of effectiveness of the natural treatment .This gave an opportunity to assess the situation of the children with disease with regard to the natural environment.

Compare and Contrast ideologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and Contrast ideologies - Research Paper Example ecessity of democratizing the process by encouraging peoples’ participation in governance and in community-based decision-makings to bring about the utilitarian principle --to be of service to greater number of people. However, while universal principles in governance are similar, the ideological inspirations differ. This is because states either adopt socialism, communism, or liberal democracy as their political system. These ideologies can be distinguished as shown in a table below: The socialist government empowers people to collectively own and democratically operate their industries and social services Decisions are made for utilitarian purpose. This is practiced in France and adopted by Union of Soviet Republics (USSR) (Quinn, 2012). Its economy is driven by a system where property is shared communally. Private property is not quiet encouraged and they practice market exchanges otherwise known as ‘market exchange.’ The workers manage their industries and corporations and select their representatives to head them. International relations are determined by hierarchy of structures but are laid by collective planning. While it’s open for foreign relations, its bilateral and multilateral relations are often ruled by socialist perspective for its general goodness. Ergo, not for private interest (Quinn, 2012). Governance is ruled by communist party (Quinn 2012). Theoretically, some political scientists contended that that there is no government yet that has ably practiced completely the communistic values albeit China and some countries claimed that they are adopting a communist regime. The end of cold war has shown that China has adopted a neo-capitalists system. Ideally, communism is opposed to capitalism and liberal democracy. Although at times perceived as akin to socialism, but its economic system wherein production is controlled by public interest. According to political experts, there is no room for private property ownership (Quinn 2012). The

The Case Against Tipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Case Against Tipping - Essay Example Although there are undeniably benefits and advantages of gratuity on server and patron alike, he dismisses that tipping puts the economy in an unfavorable baksheesh shape. In this point he is correct, taking into account that the government is losing an estimated $7 to $10 billion of earnings in tips that go unreported (Snyder). Moreover, there is the possibility that aside from cabs and restaurants, other sectors of the society will adapt this practice. Lewis suggests that reticence or silence on the matter may worsen the issue in the future. He concludes that standing up against the unwarranted custom may be advantageous. That the essence of gratuity has vanished in the modern times is most compelling. Now, waiters and waitresses believe that it is their right to be tipped (Shaw). Nowadays, tipping is expected even if the quality of service is not significantly worthy of an extra favor coming from the customer. Although Lewis also explicate that tipping is an aristocratic conceit, what really prompts a tip seems to be missing. It is very much logical that the workers are but rendering the service that they are already salaried to do.

Has Football Become a Global Game Dissertation

Has Football Become a Global Game - Dissertation Example In a more progressive deregulated world of football, the organizations that generate spectator sports championships are being focused on and privatized under the pressures of an established market growth. This ideology for globalizing football and its promotion to Southeast Asia has been the momentum for new location approaches that influence all the different parties in football, private and public investors, governing bodies, public authorities, the common public and the leagues themselves. The features of each country's entertainment football industry are emphasized and employed to discard light on a social development that is underway since the inferences of global alteration in sports certainly go beyond football. The examination of developments football in Southeast Asia, in fact, seems to be a suitable means to gain insight into wider society and culture. After presenting the development and professionalization of football in Southeast Asia, this study will also examine the future plans of Fifa in Asian football industry. The study will then look at the significance of Southeast Asian football industry to the globalization of football as sports. The first part of the study is the literature review which features the different published materials regarding the changes in Football since 1990, the different football association like the Manchester United, TV coverage of European football across Asia, and Fifa’s plans in Southeast Asia. The second part will be the research methodology, after the data gathering, the data were analyzed in the third part that has given a strong conclusion in the final part. In the 1990’s Asia has its six countries participating in the football league and these are China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan and yet in football terms, only two Asian countries, Japan and Korea, are in the top 50 countries of the world (Kang, 2002).

Criminal Judicial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Judicial System - Essay Example The criminal courts have also being accused of the wrongful conviction, there have been cases where courts have issued unexpected verdicts, and therefore the morale of the people has diminished. In Canada, there have been instances where the people have lodged strong opposition against the ruling of the criminal courts, as a result, 'judges in some jurisdictions being sent on a three days course on avoiding wrongful convictions' (Felix, 2006). The important factor that has to be addressed is the reasons which have been responsible for the corrupt and manipulated verdicts and the proceedings of the courts. The reasons attributed towards the failure of the criminal court in the dispersion of justice have been the over-confident statements and stands of the witnesses, there have been cases where bogus prosecution experts were hired, and therefore the dispensation of justice was halted. ... The domain of the high profile case includes the involvement and participation of the press and the police. The criminal judicial system is also affected by the public opinion. It has been observed that there have been cases where the prominent figures were accused of crimes, but because those prominent figures enjoyed good public opinion, the courts were bound to respect the public opinion, else serious communal riots could have initiated. In past several religious authorities were accused of crimes, and the evidences were strongly against them, but because the government expected that a retaliation from the local population, therefore the criminal courts were influenced and were forced to acquit the accused religious personnel, therefore there is a need to ensure not only internal transparency, but the role of the external forces should be minimal and only then the performance of the criminal judicial system can improve (Lester, 2005). Discussion The criminal justice system has empowered the prosecutor to deplore and condemn the defense, and has the right to inlfuence the verdict, and identifies the nature and severity of the punishment. The particular problem with reference to the criminal justice system has been the 'historical legacy of assimilation' (Felix, 2006), and traces of which are related 'to the impact of European assimilation'. The economic, social and political life of the aboriginal people experienced silent revolution and silent imposition of command and authority deeply influenced their behavior and practices, and therefore their life style and perspective varied greatly. The criminal justice system has failed to incorporate allowances towards such adjustment, and has undertaken ignorant approach

Kodak and fujifilm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kodak and fujifilm - Research Paper Example The executives at Kodak did not want to abandon the traditional film. They did not realize how digital cameras would become common within a short time. Since there was a slow transition of traditional to digital technology and competition from other companies, Kodak lost a considerable market share globally. By early 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection which was approved by the court for financing. Kodak was able to sell its patents to various companies like Google, Apple and Microsoft among others (Stuart, 2005). Fujifilm was started in 1934 and like Kodak, focused on imaging and photography. The company was at the top of the Japanese market and ranked the second best in film usage after the United States (Nakamura, 2000). Fujifilm entered the global market and made use of aggressive marketing with low prices. The company’s breakthrough was in 1984 when it chosen to be the official film of the Los Angeles Olympics. Fujifilm took its place in the global market permanently. This made it overtake Kodak’s market share since they offered similar products at a cheaper price. Fujifilm was fast to widen its business scope to printers, digital cameras, optical devices and photocopier. In addition, Fujifilm engaged its services into the health sector by producing medical equipments and machines such as x-ray imaging and chemicals (Nakamura, 2000). Kodak company failure to acknowledge innovation in the late 1970s could be blamed on the management’s approach (Haig, 2011). The management seemed to control from behind the desk right from the headquarters at Rochester. This made them become ignorant about the new inventions in technology and the increasing customer needs. They were advised to embrace the digital technology that they had created in 1975, but the management was reluctant. The main reason why Kodak remained behind was avoiding revolutionizing technology that led to the loss of market shares. This

Entry 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entry 2 - Essay Example In both qualitative and quantitative research designs, data would be collected from the responses on research questions hence the need for questions motivated by up-to-date literature, suiting the study, focused on the objectives and have a logical layout. The research questions could be answered in researcher’s own words or from selected optional responses, referred to as open or closed responses respectively, and could be combined in a data collection instrument, including a questionnaire and interview. This learning helps appreciate research design as an important tool in answering the research questions appropriately. This has been achieved through the application of the two major research designs including the true experimental design where subjects would be randomly assigned, and in cases where the researcher needs to focus on an intact group from a population, referred to as quasi experimental design. Their strengths lie in pre-test confirmation of equivalence on linguistic form, post-test examination on development of linguistic form being targeted and control group that solves logical

Counterfeiting is NOT a major problem for Branded good companies Essay

Counterfeiting is NOT a major problem for Branded good companies engaged in International Strategic Marketing - Essay Example Counterfeiting is production of goods similar to the original article; they are cheaper alternatives of the original and there may not be perceivable difference in quality (Phau, Teah & Lee, 2009). OECD (1998) defines counterfeiting as any manufacturing of a product which so closely imitates the appearance of the product of another to mislead a consumer that it is the product of another. Hence it also includes trademarks and copyrights infringements, including packaging and labeling or any other significant feature of the product. Counterfeiting is a civil offence, a criminal crime apart from being a social, political and serious economic problem (Bian & Veloutsou, 2007). However, according to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2007) the total value of counterfeit goods in 2005 was $200 billion (Gistri et al. 2009) and by 2007 it has estimated to have exceeded $500 (Phau, Teah & Lee, 2009). It is estimated that about 15% of the branded products sold across the world are counterfeit (Cross, 2006). The core target for counterfeiting brands is the luxury brands. It has increased to such proportions because of global trade and emerging new markets (Phau & Teah, 2009). Counterfeiting thrives because in some countries such as the US, their legal system protects only functionality and not designs or the style. In other countries even this level of protection is not present (Hilton, Chot & Chen, 2004). Countries like China and Hong Kong has no way to deal with counterfeiters and moreover, many times counterfeiting takes place outside the jurisdiction of a country (Nejdet, 2000). North Korea too engages in secret counterfeit printing and packaging of billions of cigarettes and drugs sold in the US (Cross, 2006). Phillips Morris has been able to trace the counterfeit version of its Marlboro brand at more than 1300 stores in the US. Such illicit activities generate more than half a billion US dollars. The counterfeiting is done so

P.E Footballers Programme Essay Example for Free

P.E Footballers Programme Essay The aim of the fitness programme is to improve aerobic fitness (cardiovascular) A footballer requires cardiovascular fitness to maintain a high level of fitness when competing for the full duration of a game-90 minutes, a footballer must maintain a constant and prolonged level of effort and work from start to finish. A high stamina level also helps with the game this is highly important to a footballer because if the cardiovascular performance is not at a high level the overall performance levels will decrease before the 90 minutes is up, to ensure this does not happen this programme designed for a footballer will hopefully increase the cardiovascular fitness levels and make a 90 minute match an easy work out. To show the comparisons between fitness levels before the programme compared to afterwards my 12-minute cooper run will be looked at and evaluations made to back up the other evidence for my fitness programme. If my cooper run results improve after the 2nd attempt, I will need to give reasons why as with if my results are below my expectations of improvement. In addition if between now and the dates of the fitness tests I receive an injury this will be taken into consideration, also alongside this at this moment in time my fitness level to begin with will not be at its peak due to the football season having just started, however as before this programme is designed especially to improve a footballers fitness within a specific period. I shall try to improve on my first score this will show that I am following a progressive overload during my training Throughout the programme there are a few key safety issues that need to be considered, these include ensuring the equipment used is safe and correctly spaced out, for example during the circuit training section all of the bases with an individual activity will need enough space to ensure the task can be completed safely with no hazards concerning the positioning of equipment. At the same time the correct clothing must be warn so that there is no risk of injury towards other people and yourself. With some of the activities like the continuous training and the fartlek training the weather must be monitored to make sure that when sprinting for example the surface is not wet and slippery and the point of take off when running needs to be chose carefully on the correct surface and not when running around a corner but perhaps on a straight. All of these must be looked at so that each method of training can be completed successfully. The final thing that could be looked at is if I have any injuries when attempting one of the three areas continuous, fartlek or circuit maybe I shouldnt push myself past the limit but still complete the exercises to prove my willingness and commitment. Each one of the areas within the programme will contribute towards an improvement in fitness levels, the continuous training will provide overload as your body is experiencing more running than before and will become used to that level of working out, the circuit training will help in all aspects of fitness as every part of the body is improving and your stamina levels are constantly rising because of this, the fartlek part gives a variety of sprints, jogs and walks which when referring to the S.P.O.R training principle gives specifity and also contributes to the gradual increase in fitness. Cardiovascular fitness is also known as cardiovascular stamina aerobic power or aerobic capacity, it is the ability of the heart and lungs to transport oxygen to the working muscles as quickly as possible when exercising. Therefore before I start I must determine my current level of cardiovascular fitness. For this training programme I will complete all 3 of the areas fartlek, continuous and circuit to ensure the principles of training are covered and I achieve maximum improvement through this. Cooper run The cooper run consists of a 12 minute run around a 100 meter square circuit the idea for improvement in fitness is to achieve as many laps as possible within the time allowed, if on the first attempt I achieved 25 laps to say I have been successful and Improved my cardiovascular fitness the 2nd attempt at the end of the programme should see a clear difference in the two amounts of laps. To ensure I complete it properly I will stretch before the run and cool down afterwards to ensure my muscles are warmed up and will not be damaged when I start the run. In this test I must run as far as I am able to within the 12 minutes allowed even if I need to slow down it is important to continue moving so my amount of laps will not be affected. It is a maximal test that measures aerobic capacity (i.e.-must cover as much ground as possible in the time allowed) my fitness level is established according to the distance run to the established norms for the test. To complete the test properly I will require the following equipment.

Theories of Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence People are different. Some think faster than others, some learn faster than others. Some are naturally good at art, others are naturally good at math. Some people have a hard time in social situations, and some breeze through them. What causes people to be so different? Intelligence. Intelligence determines a persons potential and how well they are able to learn. However, intelligence is not definitive and simple as there are many factors that make intelligence a complex concept. If the line is blurred between what is and what is not intelligence, how was intelligence initially defined? Intelligence has been theorized, tested, and investigated for a long time. Theories have been made in order to define intelligence. Three prominent theorists have contributed to what the modern world knows today as intelligence. A British psychologist, Charles Spearman theorized that the definition of intelligence among society has a common factor known as general intelligence, also referred to as g, which represents the potential to be rationalize and resolve issues. The other factors of intelligence are known specific factors, which are also referred to as s. Spearman claimed that ones proficiency in a given subject correlates to that of similar subjects (Rathus), yet not a single person is good at everything, and it is no ones fault; the fault lies with the way the mind works. Louis Thurstone was another psychologist who theorized that there were eight separate factors that make up intelligence: visual and spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical anility, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning. Each factor pertained to a certain factor. For example, visual and spatial ability pertains to the ability to conceptualize information, but the verbal meaning factor pertains to the ability to recall words and phrases. Similar to Spearmans theory, Thurstones theory claims a person can be naturally competent in one factor, but significantly less competent in another. (Rathus 210). The last theory originated from Howard Gardener, a recent psychologist who claimed not that there are multiple factors of intelligence, but that intelligence wide foundation with several branches of intelligence. Gardner claimed that the different kinds of intelligence are linguistic, logical-mathematics, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence. Gardener believes social intelligence is as important as academic intelligence. For example, a person could excel in social skills, but not in school. Throughout history, psychologists have formed theories in order to explain what intelligence and how it works. Intelligence plays a part in everyday life. The human ability to function in social situations and learn in academic situations encompasses the general idea what life on earth is. In order to define and categorize intelligence, intelligence tests have been made. According the Encyclopedia of Mind Disorders intelligence tests examine the psychology of a person and evaluate his mentality (Mind Disorders). There four tests that are used most commonly are Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Wechsler Primary Preschool Scale of Intelligence, which consist of trials of mathematics, verbal tests, and motor skills. There are advantages and disadvantages to using intelligence tests. The advantages include that testing uniformly measures the capability of a person and can identify gifts within him, opening greater opportunities, as well identities certain learning disabilities in a person, preventing damage to per sist, while the drawbacks include that the tests normally give specific quantities that describe the functionality of a person, but intelligence itself is complex and a one dimensional number does not sufficiently determine a persons intelligence. Another disadvantage of intelligence tests is that the components of one intelligence test can also differ from the components of another intelligence test, altering his measure of intelligence. A common scale used in determining the intelligence of a person within the use of intelligence tests is the intelligence quotient, which is also known as IQ. (Mind Disorders). The average IQ is 100; a person with an IQ lower than 70 to 75 is considered intellectually disabled (WebMD). The bell curve made from IQ tests are able to categorize people from intellectually disabled to genius. In order to try and measure intelligence, tests have been made to investigate and to further advance the unanswered field. Humans are not perfect; there is an incredible variety of different kinds of hindrances that affect the everyday life of all different kinds of people. One type of hindrance that can hold back a person is their ability to learn, or learning disabilities, which can be qualified by below-average intelligence and a lack of ability to perform everyday skills (WebMD). Intellectual functioning pertains to IQ, the ability to learn, rationalize, solve problems, and make decisions. Adaptive behaviors pertain to social intelligence and motor skills. Signs of learning disability include late development of motor skills, late development of communication skills, slower development of everyday skills, difficulty with recalling past event, behavior problems, and difficulty with logical thinking (WebMD). Learning disabilities are determined by degrees of severity ranging from mild to profound. For mild learning disabilities which affects minor academic learning or smaller cognitive abilities such a s short-term memory and mental flexibility. Learning disabilities do not necessarily limit the number of abilities a person can have, but prolong the amount of time it takes a person to learn them. The limitations brought on by learning disabilities include intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. The next degree of severity is called moderate; moderate learning disabilities causes a person to lag behind the rest of his peers academically as well as require assistance for everyday life. The third degree of severity is severe learning disability, which causes a person to have a minimal conceptual understanding and require a caretaker. Finally, the last degree of severity is called profound learning disability, which causes a person to solely rely on the physical world to generate conceptual skills (Association). There are a number of causes that can cause learning disabilities as well. These causes range from genetic conditions to problems during pregnancy and childbirth. Genetic conditions that cause learning disabilities include disorders such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and autism.ÂÂ   Injuries such as brain infections and severe head injuries and illnesses such as meningitis and the measles can also cause learning disabilities. Consumption of alcohol or drug use during pregnancy can cause causing fetal alcohol syndrome and malnutrition (WebMD). For situations like pregnancy, learning disabilities and disorders can be prevented. For example, pregnant woman should refrain from drinking alcohol and consider ultrasounds and amniocentesis to identify the potential problem early (WebMD). Intelligence has been theorized, tested, and investigated for a long time. These theories, tests, and investigations have created a better understand of what intelligence is, at least to an extent. Intelligence is hard to define; it is not only the good grades one receives in school, it is also how one functions in everyday life and in social situations. References American Psychological Assocation. n.d. Web. 2 12 2016. Association, American Psychiatric. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publshing, 2013. Print. Mind Disorders. n.d. Web. 03 12 2016. Rathus, Spencer A. Psychology: Principles in Practice. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. 209. Textbook. WebMD. n.d. Web. 3 12 2016.

Dickens And Eliots Critiques On Industrialization English Literature Essay

Dickens And Eliots Critiques On Industrialization English Literature Essay Charles Dickens and George Eliot are both writers whose novels had a very significant impact on nineteenth century Victorian readers. Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner were written during the time of the Industrial Revolution in England and it opened peoples eyes to the negative effects that the revolution was having on common society. The authors saw industrialization as a loss of individualism and a time where people were being treated like machines by the cruelty of utilitarianism. It was destroying the nature and the human values that rural Victorian communities once held. Through these novels, Dickens and Eliot exemplify how the Victorian instance on industry and the greed of money hardens the hearts of the wealthy and physically and emotionally oppresses the less wealthy; thus, shattering the human spirit, threatening relationships, and breaking the bonds of community. Dickens passionately portrays his opposition to the Industrial Revolution in A Christmas Carol. He exposes and makes others aware of the inhumane environments and nature that the poor were subject to during the industrial phase of the nation. The novel begins with an introduction to Scrooge and describes him as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! Hard and  sharp  as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. (Dickens 40) This description of Scrooge sets up the reader to understand the characteristics of some the wealthy people of the time. He is compared to physical objects which are not capable of any emotion or feeling, and therefore illustrates him as being very inhuman. Scrooge is portrayed as very capable of breaking peoples spirits with his cruel words and actions. When the portly gentlemen approach Scrooge to ask him for a donation for the poor, he responds by saying that he cant afford to make idle people merry and that its not his business to help the unfortunate (Dickens 45). There is great irony in his words as he can very well afford to do anything he wants, being the very wealthy man and creditor he was. The fact that he states that the matter has nothing to do with his business is very untrue as he would not even be in business were it not for the lower class citizens making him all the money he was accumulating. This dialogue shows that Scrooge is almost feared in society  due to his status and the unkindness that comes with it. Dickens portrays the harsh reality of Scrooge and those of his class early in the novel to cause readers to react and to look forward to seeing how the character changes throughout the novel; thus exemplifying h ow they can change as well. Scrooge destroys any attempt by his nephew to build a relationship with him. He is so preoccupied with his greed for money that he doesnt realize that it is the very thing that is making him miserable. Although Scrooges nephew is poorer than him, he pleads with his uncle saying, I want nothing from you; I ask nothing of  you; why cannot we be friends? (Dickens 43). Dickens illustrates here that people are not even after Scrooge for his money, but merely want him to be open to the idea interpersonal relationships and happiness. Clearly, industry makes the rich richer, however, it also destroys their ability to be truly content with what they have. It makes them ignore the need for human relationships and begins to transform the wealthy into heartless people. The character of Scrooge denies any ties to the community and strives to live for himself alone. The spirits remind Scrooge that he used to be full of joy before he let industry in his way of happiness.  At the thought of the poor dying due to lack of necessities, Scrooge replies, If they would rather dieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population (Dickens 45). This attitude towards community did not exist before industrialization as people worked together and depended on each other for support. Here, Dickens exemplifies the selfishness that comes along with industry. It all comes down to self accomplishment, and the wealthy continue to strive for more wealth at the cost of the lives and happiness of others. Dickens mentions the Poor Law and requests for people to recognize the difficulty of those whom the law has put out of place and driven into poverty. He expresses the responsibility that society has to provide for them compassionately. In his novel , Dickens puts forward that this materialistic, cruel society driven by industry can be reformed by becoming a more generous society that values the human life more than material wealth. As he proves with the character of Scrooge, it ultimately results in the joy and success of the society as a whole rather than the depression of the wealthy and the oppression of the poor. Eliot presents her Silas Marner and critiques industrialization similar to the ways in which Dickens opposes it with his novel. She is drawn to the pre-industrial values and attempts to prove that love of others is ultimately more rewarding than love of money. She does this through the character of Silas Marner, who becomes obsessed with the wealth he earns for his work and begins hoarding it, using it as little of it as possible. Just as Dickens does with his description of Scrooge, Eliot describes Marner using physical objects that are incapable of any feeling or emotion: Strangely Marners face and figure shrank and bent themselves into a constant mechanical relation to the objects of his life, so that he produced the same sort of impression as a handle or a crooked tube, which has no meaning standing apart. The prominent eyes that used to look trusting and dreamy, now looked as if they had been made to see only one kind of thing that was very small, like tiny grain, for which they hunted everywhere; and he was so withered and yellowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Eliot 25) Here, Silas is described as looking like a handle or a crooked tube. It is difficult to imagine someones physique as looking like this and it therefore, shows how much he has let his body degrade because of his love for money. Silas also serves an indicator of industry in the rural village of Raveloe as his life is degraded to the status of a machine. His ability to see only one kind of thingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for which they hunted everywhere shows that Silas can only see one thing in his life-money. His work and his wealth is the only thing that drives him in life. Although it is costing him his health and is prematurely aging him, he is blinded by industry to seeing anything but his profit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he had five bright guineas put into his hand; no man expected a share of them, and he loved no man that he should offer him a shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it was pleasant to him to feel them in his palm, and look at their bright faces, which were all his own: it was another element of life, like the weaving and the satisfaction of hungerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Eliot 23) Silas sees his wealth as gratifying as satisfying his hunger. Comparing the accumulation of wealth to a necessity such as food shows that money is what his whole life is about and nothing, including his health, matters as much. This portrays the machine-like lifestyle that comes along with industrialization. Just as machines are only seen for the labour they produce and need nothing in return, some people such as Silas feel the same way as they dont care for their physical needs but only look to increase their material wealth. Eliot uses the characters Godfrey and Dunstan to portray the way in which industrialization and the greed for money can corrupt and break relationships. These two wealthy brothers use each other and others to take advantage of any selfish wish they can claim. Dustan blackmails and bribes Godfrey to accumulate more wealth from him for his own selfish love of gambling and drinking. Godfrey on the other hand, allows his first wife and daughter to suffer due to his ignorance and moral cowardice. Although they have more wealth than most in Raveloe could ever dream of, that craving for an infinite amount of wealth that comes with industrialization corrupts all the relationships these brothers have with others. Dunstan ends up dying without experiencing his saved wealth and Godfrey is left to live a life of regret as he is unable to have children with his second wife and unable to get back his real daughter Eppie. Eliot demonstrates that these relationships are more valuable than wealth but those that ignorant to it, end up losing the relationships. Silas is shown as choosing his relationship to Eppie over his loss of wealth. This however, brings about joy that wealth can never accomplish: Eh, my precious child, the blessing was mine. If you hadnt been sent to save me, I should ha gone to the grave in my misery. The money was taken away from me in time; and you see its been kept-kept till it was wanted for you. Its wonderful-our life is wonderful (Eliot 158). Silas dehumanized being is restored once Eppie enters his life and shows him what real happiness is. The gold had kept his thoughts in an ever-repeated circle, leading to nothing beyond itself; but Eppie was an object compacted of changes and hopes that forced his thoughts onwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The gold had asked that he should sit weaving longer and longer, deafened and blinded more and more to all things except the monotony of his loom and the repetition of his web; but Eppie called him away from his weaving, and made him think all its pauses a holiday, reawakening his senses with her fresh life, even to the old winter-flies that came crawling forth in the early spring sunshine, and warming him into joy because  she  had joy. (123) This passage demonstrates the never-ending pattern of industrialization. It pulls people into a cycle that forces them to go around and around without any real purpose or gain. As they follow this cyclical pattern, they allow the physical body and their emotions to deteriorate. They continue to be deafened and blinded to the destruction that industry is causing in their lives and community. Life becomes a dark place without any sunshine or the warmth of love, as people become immune and ignorant to such things unless they pull out of the cycle. Eppie, in this case, pulls Silas out of this never-ending cycle into the light, where he can see properly again. The sense of community portrayed in the rural Raveloe is completely opposite to the industrialized place where Silas is originally from. In Raveloes trade-based community, every person plays a vital role in the success of the village. However, Silas and Eppie return to Lantern Yard, he finds that his entire community has vanished and that a large factory has been placed where the chapel one was. This is very significant because the chapel is the place where all different types of people gathered as one community. This sense of community is destroyed by the power of industrialization and completely gets rid of all the tradition, memories, and values the place once held. Eliots Victorian readers would have understood what Eliot was trying to accomplish through her novel. As Victorian society was already experiencing the impacts of industry during the time of the novel, they may have looked upon Raveloe and its sense of community as the image of what they had lost. The industrial landscape that came into existence with the revolution was frightening, destructive, and dehumanizing; destroying all the memories of the better past. Both Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner present industrialization as the inevitable leader to the dehumanization of labour, as workers are reduced to nothing more than machines and the amount of money that their work is worth. By presenting these novels to Victorian society, these authors attempted to educate and make aware the tremendous negative effects industry was having on the poors welfare, the happiness of the wealthy, and community bonds as a whole. An interesting aspect of both novels is that children are used in the redemption process of both characters: Scrooge says, It is good to be children sometimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in regards to their reaction to Christmas (Dickens 229). Silas states, But yet men are led away from threatening destruction: a hand is put into theirs, which leads them forth gently towards a calm and bright land, so that they look no more backward; and the hand may be a little childs (Eliot 128). This is significant because although children a re exposed to industrialization in a different way, they choose to love, build relationships, and uplift the human spirit by default. And so, both authors present the idea that it is better to be like them. By presenting the reformation of Scrooge and Silas, these authors attempt to demonstrate that restoration is possible if people are willing to get out of the cyclical pattern of industrialization and return to the pre-industrial values of society.

The Recent Wave of Hong Kong Immigrants into Vancouver :: Immigration Vancouver Prejudice Essays

The Recent Wave of Hong Kong Immigrants into Vancouver   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper is concerned with the recent wave of Hong Kong immigrants into Vancouver. The stage is set for this discussion by first explaining some background behind Canadian immigration policy and then discussing the history of Chinese immigrants in Vancouver. From these discussions we are informed that Canadian immigration policy was historically ethnocentric and only began to change in the late 1960s. It was at this point that we see a more multicultural group of immigrants into our nation. The history of Chinese immigration in Vancouver, and for that matter, Canada is not positive one. The experiences and prejudices which were developed over 100 years ago still colours the way in which we view one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The recent wave of Hong Kong immigrants began in the 1970s. This group is different from most others before it because of it's scale and the fact that they tend to be well-educated, affluent people. The result of their immigration into Vancouver has been a booming economy and social tension. With greater understanding and awareness on both sides we can alleviate the social tensions. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a school in Vancouver which is offering a four year immersion programme to its students. That in itself is not highly unusual in our bilingual nation, what is unusual is that the language of choice for the immersion programme is not French, it is Mandarin. The programme was voted in by parents who believed the Mandarin language to be more important to their children's futures in Vancouver than French. This situation shows quite effectively the transition which is taking place in Canada's third largest city. Vancouver is a city which is consistently looking more and more to the Pacific Rim nations, especially Hong Kong, for its economic and social connections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vancouver is the most asian Canadian city in outlook. At $1.3 Billion, British Columbia accounts for the greatest Asian investment of all the provinces. As the urban center of the province, Vancouver is the destination for most of this capital. With an Asian population of over 18%, perhaps it is not so surprising that so much Asian capital is invested in the city. The draw of Vancouver for Asians has numerous reasons including, security, an opportunity to continue business in Asia, and a feeling of welcome. The result is that the city is being completely rebuilt with asian money. As a consequence of this influx, all is not well, there are tensions within the city that have recently been surfacing. Before entering into this discussion, however, it is important to understand the context of immigration in Canada as well as the history of asian

An Army of One: Me. Essay -- Psychology, Self-esteem, Generation Me

Feeling good about oneself is an inherently good thing; however when this is intensified so severely that it becomes the focus of everyday life, complications and consequences may occur. Jean Twenge tries to warn today’s â€Å"Generation Me† about the dangers of their obsession with the self in her piece, â€Å"An Army of One: Me.† This desire to look out for only the individual has dramatic effects on the direction of today’s society. What has also evolved out of this self adoring society is a seemingly endless need for argument, especially in the educational field, an issue addressed by Debora Tannen in her essay, â€Å"The Roots of Debate in Education and the Hope of Dialogue.† Of course, no researchers or educational experts expected the negative results such as narcissism and argumentative culture that followed from these teaching methods. These are unintended consequences and displaced risks, just as the types addressed in Edward Tennerâ€℠¢s, â€Å"Another Look Back, and A Look Ahead† but applied to a different subject. In effect, one problem causes another as an excess of self-esteem more often than not leads to narcissism. That development of narcissism promotes an argumentative culture in which everyone thinks they are right because confidence in oneself is far too high. Revenge effects may include constant irritability and excessive sensitivity, a lack of obtaining a good education, or in some cases pure laziness. Through a flawed system of education and the development of Generation Me, the attitude of the United States has unintentionally drifted towards narcissism and discontent. In many ways, people who are incapable of accepting criticism have developed narcissistic tendencies. Graduate students, discussed by Tannen were almos... ...the flip side of intensity† (Tenner 709). Narcissism is this revenge and it has negatively impacted education and society in general. By aiming too much at self-esteem educators have changed the way Generation Me children look at themselves. They act the way they do because they do not know any other way of thinking. The progression of US society has become increasingly more individualistic every generation. Twenge’s analysis of Generation Me accurately depicts the way people today are more irritable and inclined to argue when their points are challenged. Similarly, the argument culture discussed by Tannen has taken over the American education system in part due to this rise in narcissism. Overall it is clear while one was not meant to lead to another, the argument culture and narcissism are not only related, but they unintentionally grow off of one another.

Economic Inequality in Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson Essay examples --

Sylvia and The Struggle Against Class Consciousness in Toni Cade Bambara's "The Lesson" "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara is not just a spirited story about a poor girl out of place in an expensive toy store, it is a social commentary. "The Lesson" is a story about one African-American girl's struggle with her growing awareness of class inequality. The character Miss Moore introduces the facts of social inequality to a distracted group of city kids, of whom Sylvia, the main character, is the most cynical. Flyboy, Fat Butt, Junebug, Sugar, Rosie, Sylvia and the rest think of Miss Moore as an unsolicited educator, and Sylvia would rather be doing anything else than listening to her. The conflict between Sylvia and Miss Moore, "This nappy-head bitch and her goddamn college degree" (307), represents more than the everyday dislike of authority by a young adolescent. Sylvia has her own perception of the way things work, her own "world" that she does not like to have invaded by the prying questions of Miss Moore. Sylvia knows in the back of her mind that she is poor, but it ne ver bothers her until she sees her disadvantages in blinding contrast with the luxuries of the wealthy. As Miss Moore introduces her to the world of the rich, Sylvia begins to attribute shame to poverty, and this sparks her to question the "lesson" of the story, how "money ain't divided up right in this country" (308). Sylvia uses her daydreams as an alternative to situations she doesn't want to deal with, making a sharp distinction between reality as it is and reality as she wants to perceive it. For instance, as they ride in a cab to the toy store, Miss Moore puts Sylvia in charge of the fare and tells her to give the driver ten percent. Instead of figurin... ...siting F.A.O. Schwarz awakens in Sylvia an internal struggle she has never felt, and through criticizing Miss Moore, Sylvia distances herself from realizing her poverty. In her responses to the toys, their prices, and the unseen people who buy them, it is evident that Sylvia is confronting the truth of Miss Moore's lesson. As Sylvia begins to understand social inequality, the realization of her own disadvantage makes her angry. For Sylvia, achieving class consciousness is a painful enlightenment. For her to accept that she is underprivileged is shameful for her, and Sylvia would rather deny it than admit a wound to her pride: "ain't nobody gonna beat me at nuthin" (312). Works Cited Bambara, Toni Cade. "The Lesson." Eds. Hans P. Guth and Gabriele L. Rico. Discovering Literature: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997. 307-12.

Growing Up in a Bilingual Family Essay

Abstract Some bicultural families have to deal with the decision of how, when, and if they should make their children be bilingual. They worry that if instead of helping their kids doing so, it may hurt them. Most people agree that in long terms, being bilingual is a great tool. Since most parents agree on that, not all agree on how early kids should be introduce to a second language. Should it be as soon as they are born, or first learn one language and then a second? Growing Up in a Bilingual Family Educators and psychologists will advice to introduce a second language when kids are under the age of 3. De Houwer, (1999) says â€Å"Brain imaging studies show that languages in bilingual infants are stored closer together in the brain than in later bilinguals. This means, learning another language after the age of 3 both takes greater effort and is treated differently by the brain compared to the child who acquires them simultaneously.† The earliest a child is exposed to a second language, the better. Contrary to what many parents think that their kids may get confused and end up not learning completely either language. For instance, there are cases of kids who were exposed to two languages and by the age of 6 they know very well both languages. And the people that learn a second language in an adult age, they are most likely to have an accent after several years of been speaking a foreigner language, and most likely they will have their accent for a lifetime. Although, researches show that â€Å"The main reason for dominance in one language is that the child has had greater exposure to it and needs it more to communicate with people in the immediate environment† (Grosjean, 1983, p.209), and it is not usual that kids are exposed to two languages equally. There is usually one dominant language or mother language, and the minority language. This is why the minority language, should be balance by reading, dancing with music that has lyrics of the weaker language, watching TV shows and specially talking; conversational experiences are the most valuable, easy tool parents can used. The case of Mia, who is two years old, and William, a 4 years old boy who are more exposed to English than Spanish, the parents try to reinforce the weaker language by teaching them songs in the minority language and  making up songs with stories that calls the kid’s attention. This method worked in many families, and the result is always positive. On e of the most common frustrations in bilingual families is when their kids start mixing up two languages. Children feel single out and this situation makes them feel uncomfortable, especially when there are people around who don’t understand what the child is saying, this will end frustrating the child and start to deny speaking in a language that is not common in their environment; â€Å"Parents, who naturally tend to interpret a mixed utterance as evidence of confusion when in fact the child is getting on with the task of building up two sets of patterns by making more and more subtle contrasts† (Harding-Esch, 2008, p.56-57). Kids are not conscientiously trying to mix up two languages, they do it because is natural, it is normal for a child to pick different words from each languages to express their feelings and thoughts. We, as a bilingual parents, should instead of focusing on the mistakes that our kids make, is praise their effort and enthusiasm on their ability to speak two different languages. There are many ways that we can help bilingual kids learn two or more lan guages, the most important probably is never give up and think that the kids are not understanding or listening to what we are saying. They have busy minds, and while we think they are not listening or watching us, they are. Parents should use any opportunity to talk to them especially on the minority language. Make them feel that they are not different than majority language speakers. Getting them spend as much time possible with other minority speaker children by arranging play dates. Also, the bilingual kids should visit the country where the minority language is spoken. Cunningham, (2002, p.117), in her book In Growing up with Two Languages says, â€Å"The potential, advantages of this are manifold: The children get to know monolingual speakers of their own age, they learn to use their weaker language in different situations, they learn about the culture of the country†. This will be a great boost for bilingual children, to be exposed to a total immersion to a different culture that they are not very use to. In chapter 14, Cognitive Functions, it is mentioned that â€Å"Early exposure to some language increases ability to learn another language later.† Also it is mentioned that children are better at pronunciation and grammar when they learn a second language early in age. There is not really disadvantage on learning a second language  at any age but it is better to take advantage of the ability kids have to grasp almost anything during their first stages of life. Conclusion There is not evidence of negative effects of y learning at early age two languages or more. Instead, there are many evidences that children growing up with two languages have advantage over the ones that are not. As Grosjean says, â€Å"researchers have found that bilingualism is, after all, a great asset to the child†, and he continues, â€Å"Especially, in intelligence and cognitive growth, researchers stress the assets of bilingualism†. There is nothing to loose getting our kids to learn two languages, all what it requires is our patience and consistency. References Cunningham, U. & Anderson, S. (2002). Growing up with two languages: A practical Guide. New York: Taylor and Francis Group. De Houwer, A. (1999). Two or more languages in Early Childhood. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/earlychild.html Grosjean, F. (1992). Life with two languages. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Harding-Esch, E. & Riley, P. (2008). The bilingual family: A handbook for parents. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Human Rights and Food Security

A PAPER ON: ‘Human rights and food security’ _______________________________________ PRESENTED BY: SHASHANKA KUMAR NAG LL. M- THIRD SEMESTER HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH Address: Shashanka Kumar Nag LL. M (Third Semester) Boys Hostel, B- Block, Room No. F-32 Hidayatullah National law University Uparwara Post, Abhanpur New Raipur – 493661 (C. G. ) Mobile: 09804513485, 08817104782 E-mail- [email  protected] com DECLARATION I declare that the work submitted by me for this seminar is a result of my own effort.I affirm that there is no plagiarism and copying, either partially or entirely, from someone else's works, without giving proper credit and acknowledgement to the source(s)/author(s). INTRODUCTION â€Å"There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread. † Mahatma Gandhi Human rights are commonly understood as â€Å"inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherent ly entitled simply because she or he is a human being. Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world.Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. Ancient societies had â€Å"elaborate systems of duties†¦ conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights†.The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the atrocities of World War II. Although the UDHR was a non-binding resolution, it is now considered by some to have acquired the force of international customary law which may be invoked in appropriate circumstances by nati onal and other judiciaries. The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights as part of the â€Å"foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens following the model of the rights-duty duality. The right to food, and its variations, is a human right protecting the right for people to feed themselves in dignity, implying that sufficient food is available, that people have the means to access it, and that it adequately meets the individual's dietary needs. The right to food protects the right of all human beings to be free from hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition.The right to food does not imply that governments have an obligation to hand out free food to everyone who wants it, or a right to be fed. However, if people are deprived of access to food for reasons beyond thei r control, for example, because they are in detention, in times of war or after natural disasters, the right requires the government to provide food directly. Right to Food and right to be free from hunger are the human rights which are protected under various international human rights and humanitarian laws.Right to food is explicitly mentioned in the Article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948; and the Article 11 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. It is also recognised in the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Right to food of indigeneous people is implicit in the ILO Convention No-169 which is approved by 17 countries. Approximately 20 countries in the world have incorporated the Right to Food for their people. THE CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITYWorld Development Report (1986) defined food security as â€Å"access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. According to Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the UNO, â€Å"Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. † Staatz (1990) defined food security as â€Å"The ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the food system provides the total population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food. Thus food security may be of short-term or sustainable. In case of short-term food security we consider food security of the present population only. But in case of sustainable food security we consider the food security not only of the present generation but also of the future generation as well. According to Swaminathan, â€Å"Sustainable food security means enough food for everyone at present plus the ability to provide enough food in future as well. † In the long-run sustainable food security is very important. ELEMENTS OF FOOD SECURITY Food security is a state of being.Like literacy or good health, food security is a state that everyone wants to enjoy. Governments have decreed that every person has an inalienable right to food. The fundamental purpose of economic activity is to ensure adequate access to food for oneself and one’s family. The primacy of food security as an objective for human activity is reflected in the frequency with which the term â€Å"food security† appears in UN declarations and NGO advocacy efforts. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture acknowledges the legitimacy of food security concerns.South Africa, Brazil and Norway have all enshrined the right to food in law. There are basically three principle elements of Food Security. These are: Supply: Global food production has by and large kept up with or exceeded demand over the past century. The application of new technologies to agriculture, including mechanized vehicles to till, plant and harvest crops; improved seed and breeding stock; and the use of herbicides, pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, has vastly increased productivity.At the same time , one third or more of agricultural land used to be dedicated to growing fuel (wood to burn) or feed for the animals that provide muscle for transportation and production (hay for horses and oxen). Much of that land is now available to grow food for humans instead, adding to the total overall supply. Distribution: Distribution depends on such things as markets, transportation, infrastructure, relative purchasing power and the source and nature of the supply.Where the food is traded commercially , the volume and type of food traded is related to purchasing power and the ease with which the trader can reach a market. Access: Food security is about individuals , families and communities, not about regional and national aggregates. That is why, supply is only one piece of the food security puzzle. Only rarely does a whole country face hunger or famine. Rather, when the food supply is insufficient, those with greater purchasing power get food while those without sufficient income or entitlement go hungry.CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY In India there is a deeply rooted tradition of respect for food – it stresses the importance of growing and sharing food. Sharing or offering food is a universal tradition shared by all religious entities that have roots in the Indian soil. Accordingly, in 1950, India adopted a very progressive Constitution aimed at ensuring all its citizens social, economic and political justice, equality, and dignity. Therefore any law to be valid in Indian Territory must be within the constitutional framework.Like in many countries of the World the â€Å"The Right to Food† in Indian Constitution is not recognized as a â€Å"Fundamental Right†. Therefore, there is no constitutional m andate to have a claim over it. Regarding right to food, one has to look for relevance in Article 21 of the Constitution, entitled â€Å"Protection of life and personal liberty† and Article 47 â€Å"Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living [†¦]† as well as in judicial interventions of the Supreme Court and various Acts, which have cumulatively strengthened the right to food in India.Knowing the constitutional and legislative framework in India regarding the right to food is crucial for identifying right to food violations and supporting victims in realizing their right to food. Indian Constitution Part III, Article 21 â€Å"Protection of life and personal liberty – No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except to procedure established by law. † The phrases â€Å"Protection of life† and â€Å"personal liberty† have called several times for interpretation. A series of judicial inter ventions and interpretations have deepened the normative content of this fundamental right.Indian Constitution Part IV: Directive Principles The right to food or in general the economic, social, and cultural rights are defined in Part IV of the Constitution as Directive Principles of State Policy, which are guidelines to the central and State Governments for framing laws and policies. The provisions are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered as fundamental in the Governance of the country. There are several Articles under the Directive Principles offer remote relevance for the right to food, but the clearest statement regarding the right to food is provided by Article 47.Article 47:   Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs, which are injurious to health.Putting together Article 21 and 47 and various interpretations of the Supreme Court of one can safely say that the Government of India has a constitutional obligation to take appropriate measures to ensure a dignified life with adequate food for all citizens. The right to food can be regarded as a fundamental right by virtue of interpretation. NATIONAL MEASURES TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY There has been a continous appeal to the Government for passing a legislation on food security.The government is likely to accept most of the recommendations of Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council (NAC) on the proposed food security law despite warnings that the suggestions would add to subsidy burden, increase dependence on imports and distort the country's food economy. The food ministry has s et out plans that are in line with the NAC's proposal to widen the scope of the legislation, which seeks to provide legal guarantee of subsidised grains to the poor.Several experts have warned that the NAC recommendations would force the government to substantially raise its grain procurement, which in turn would lead to a larger subsidy burden on its already stretched finances. The council had proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for at least 72% of the country's population in Phase-I by 2011-12. The NAC had also proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for 75% of the country's population, covering the ‘priority' (below the poverty line) and ‘general' (above the poverty line) households, in Phase-II by 2013-14. National Food Security Bill, 2011The government has introduced the much anticipated National Food Security Bill — a legislation aimed at shoring up the UPA's support base — in Parliament. The â€Å"landmark social legislation† will guarantee grain at extremely cheap rates to more than half of the population. Food minister KV Thomas, who introduced the bill in the Lok Sabha amid thumping of desks by Congress members led by party president Sonia Gandhi, said that it would ensure that all Indians â€Å"live a life with dignity†. The bill marks a shift in approach to the problem of food security — from the current welfare paradigm to a rights-based approach.The proposed legislation confers eligible beneficiaries the legal right to receive grain at highly subsidised prices. The National Food Security Bill, 2011, considered to be the world's largest experiment in ensuring food security to poor, has been a key project of Congress president Sonia Gandhi. The bill brings under its purview 63. 5% of the country's population —75% of rural households and 50% of urban households. The bill classifies all entitled households as â€Å"general† and â€Å"priority†. At least 46% of rural house holds and 28% of urban households would be designated as â€Å"priority†.Every person belonging to a â€Å"priority household† will be provided with 7kg of grain per month, comprising rice, wheat and coarse grain. Rice will be provided at Rs 3, wheat at Rs 2 and coarse grain at Rs 1 per kg. Others belonging to the â€Å"general category† would be entitled to not less than 3kg of grain per month at a rate not exceeding 50% of the minimum support price. Once passed, the food subsidy bill is expected to rise to Rs 95,000 crore. Initial estimates pegged the increase in subsidy at nearly Rs 28,000 crore.However, on Thursday, the government made a downward revision of the additional burden on the central government — between R 21,000 crore to R 23,000 crore. The bill's financial memorandum estimates the total annual expenditure on food subsidy under the targeted public distribution system at about Rs 79,800 crore. â€Å"The estimate of food subsidy is however dependent, among other things, upon economic cost, central issue of price of grain, number of beneficiaries covered and quantities of grain allocated and lifted, and therefore subject to change with changes in any or all of the variables affecting food subsidy,† the memorandum states.Experts maintain that the annual increase would be to the tune of Rs 27,500 crore. However, Thomas said â€Å"an additional amount of not more than about Rs 20,000-21,000 crore annually would be required by way of subsidy. † The minister argued since the food bill merges many ongoing programmes meant for women, children and the poor, there would be no additional financial burden. The total financial liability to implement the law is expected to be Rs 3. 5 lakh crore, with funds being required to raise agriculture production, create storage space and publicity.A sum of roughly Rs 1,11,000 crore would be required to boost farm output with grain requirement increasing, on account of this inter vention, from 55 million tonne to 61 million tonne annually. Thomas stressed that â€Å"this Rs 1,10,600 crore is not an additional burden. We need to invest in agriculture to boost production anyway†. The proposed law entitles every pregnant woman and lactating mother to meal free of cost during pregnancy and six months after childbirth. Cash benefits of Rs 1,000 per month to meet increased food requirements of pregnant women would be provided for the first six months of pregnancy.At Rs 1,000 per month and covering 2. 25 crore women, an expenditure of nearly Rs 13,500 crore has been estimated. This will be borne by the central government and the states. Schemes to Ensure Food Security: There are also certain central food schemes and other assistance programmes for the poor in India. These are: * Targeted Public Distribution System; * Antyodaya Anna Yojana; * Mid-day meal scheme; * Annapoorna Yojana; * Integrated Child Development Services; * National family benefit scheme; * National maternity benefit scheme; and National old age pension scheme. The Public Distribution System (PDS) Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidised food and non-food items to India's poor. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of Public distribution shops (PDS) established in several states across the country.Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures, maintain and issue food grains to the state. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country are managed by state governments. As of date there are about 4. 99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India. Annapoorna Yojana This scheme was started by the government in 1999-2000 to provide food to senior citi zens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the targeted public distribution system (TPDS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village.This scheme would provide 10  kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. The allocation for this scheme as off 2000-01 was Rs 100 crore. Antyodaya Anna Yojana Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is an Indian government sponsored scheme for ten millions of the poorest families. It was launched by NDA government in December 2000. It is on the lookout for the ‘poorest of the poor' by providing them 35 kilos of rice and wheat at Rs. 2 per kg. Mid-Day Meals Scheme The Midday Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme in India which started in the 1960s.It involves provision of lunch free of working days. The key objectives of the programme are: protecting children from classroom hunger, increasing school enrollment and attendance, improved socialization among children belonging to all caste s, addressing malnutrition, and social empowerment through provision of employment to women. The scheme has a long history, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu. The scheme was introduced statewide by the then Chief Minister K. Kamaraj in the 1960s and later expanded by the M. G. Ramachandran government in 1982.It has been adopted by most Indian states after a landmark direction by the Supreme Court of India on November 28, 2001. The success of this scheme is illustrated by the tremendous increase in the school participation and completion rates in Tamil Nadu. Status of the Food Schemes in India The framework of the right to food is one of the basic economic and social rights that are essential to achieve the â€Å"economic democracy† without which political democracy is , at best, incomplete. The right to food is nowhere being realized in India.The schemes introduced by the Government are well designed, yet their implementation has been poor. In India, food security exists at the macro level in terms of physical access to food. Economic access is far from satisfactory, both at the micro as well as the macro level. The statement that economic access to food is far from satisfactory is confirmed by the fact that a significant proportion of the society lives in poverty and is malnourished. This section of the society is underprivileged and has less voice. INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITYThe right to food imposes on all States obligations not only towards the persons living on their national territory, but also towards the populations of other States. These two sets of obligations complement one another. The right to food can only be fully realized where both ‘national’ and ‘international’ obligations are complied with. CONSTITUTION OF FAO, 1965 Preamble The Nations accepting this Constitution, being determined to promote the common welfare by furthering separate and collective action on their part for the purpos e of: raising levels of nutrition and standards of living†¦ and thus†¦ nsuring humanity's freedom from hunger. WORLD FOOD SUMMIT PLAN OF ACTION, 1996 Commitment Seven We will implement, monitor and follow-up this Plan of Action at all levels in cooperation with the international community. Objective 7. 4 To clarify the content of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, as stated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international and regional instruments, and to give particular attention to implementation and full and progressive realization of this right as a means of achieving food security for all.To this end, governments, in partnership with all actors of civil society, will, as appropriate: a. Make every effort to implement the provisions of Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) and relevant provisions of other i nternational and regional instruments; b. Urge States that are not yet Parties to the Covenant to adhere to the Covenant at the earliest possible time; c. Invite the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to give particular attention to this Plan of Action in the framework of its activities and to continue to monitor the mplementation of the specific measures provided for in Article 11 of the Covenant; d. Invite relevant treaty bodies and appropriate specialized agencies of the UN to consider how they might contribute, within the framework of the coordinated follow-up by the UN system to the major international UN conferences and summits, including the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993, within the scope of their mandates, to the further implementation of this right; e.Invite the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with relevant treaty bodies, and in collaboration with relevant specialized agencies and programmes of the UN system and appropri ate intergovernmental mechanisms, to better define the rights related to food in Article 11 of the Covenant and to propose ways to implement and realize these rights as a means of achieving the commitments and objectives of the World Food Summit, taking into account the possibility of formulating voluntary guidelines for food security for all. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1948Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food†¦ INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, 1966 Article 11 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food.  · The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international cooperation based on free consent. 2.The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international cooperation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed: a. To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources; b.Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need. Article 2 1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the fu ll realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, 1989 Article 24 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to health care services. 2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures: c. o combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods. d. to ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are suppor ted in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition. Article 27 States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means†¦ shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition.Apart from these the Right to Food has also been recognized in many specific international instruments as varied as the 1948  Genocide Convention  (Article 2), the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees  (Articles 20 and 23),  the 1989  Convention on the Rights of the Child  (Articles 24(2)(c) and 27(3)), the 1979  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women  (Articles 12(2)), or the 2007Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  (Articles 25(f) and 28(1)). JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS 1.KISHEN PATTNAYAK VS. STATE OF ORISSA, In this petition, the petitioner wrote a letter to the Supreme Court bringing to the court’s notice the extreme pover ty of the people of Kalahandi in Orissa where hundreds were dying due to starvation and where several people were forced to sell their children. The letter prayed that the State Government should be directed to take immediate steps in order to ameliorate this miserable condition of the people of Kalahandi. This was the first case specifically taking up the issue of starvation and lack of food.In this judgement, the Supreme Court took a very pro-government approach and gave directions to take macro level measures to address the starvation problem such as implementing irrigation projects in the state so as to reduce the drought in the region, measures to ensure fair selling price of paddy and appointing of a Natural Calamities Committee. None of these measures actually directly affected the immediate needs of the petitioner, i. e. to prevent people from dying of hunger. More importantly, the Supreme Court did not recognise the specific Right to Food within this context of starvation. . PUCL VS. UNION OF INDIA, This is a landmark case relating to Right to Food and food security. This case, technically known as â€Å"PUCL vs Union of India and others (Writ Petition [Civil] No. 196 of 2001)†, is handled by an advisory group consisting of a few members from the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Human Rights Law Network (HRLN), former support group of the RIght to Food Campaign and other active individuals in the campaign. Supreme Court hearings have been held at regular intervals since April 2001, and the case has attracted wide national and international attention.Although the judgment is still awaited, significant â€Å"interim orders† have been passed from time to time. For instance, the Supreme Court has passed orders directing the Indian government to: (1) introduce cooked mid-day meals in all primary schools, (2) provide 35 kgs of grain per month at highly subsidized prices to 15 million destitute households under the Antyodaya component of the PDS, (3) double resource allocations for Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (India's largest rural employment programme at that time, now superseded by the Employment Guarantee Act), and (4) universalize the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). . CHAMELI SINGH VS. STATE OF U. P. , In this case, it was held that right to life guaranteed in any civilized society implies the right to food, water, decent environment, education, medical care and shelter. The method in which the constitutional social rights or the DPSP have been enforced or made justifiable by the Supreme Court has been through an expansion of the existing fundamental rights, particularly the Right to Life guaranteed in Article 21. CONCLUSION Starvation deaths and high prevalence of hunger clearly show that India needs to wake up.The judiciary cannot monitor the implementation of the schemes forever. The government needs to review policy from time to time and take corrective measures for effective implementa tion of different schemes and programmes, establish effective mechanisms of accountability and ensure the right to food for all. As the problem of food insecurity relates to both the demand and supply of food, a solution could be to empower people towards greater purchasing power, as well as addressing the inadequacy of the distribution system, and checking corruption and leakages.Awareness among the people with regard to their right to food can escalate the process of equitable distribution and thus help to realize the right to food for all citizens. The right to food is not just a basic human right, it is also a basic human need. It essentially requires the state to ensure that at least people do not starve. Implementation of the right to food does not imply that impossible efforts be undertaken by the states. The obligation to protect and respect the people compels the state to implement the right to food effectively, without recourse to extensive financial means. — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2 ]. Food Crisis and Sustainable Food Security in India by Jaydeb Sarkhel [ 3 ]. Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, pp5-6 [ 4 ]. Dev, S. M, and R Evenson (2003) ‘Rural Development in India:Rural, Non-farm and mitigation’ SCID Working Paper No. 187. [ 5 ]. See available at http://socialissuesindia. wordpress. com/2010/08/05/human-rights-to-food-in-indian-constitution/ [ 6 ]. See available at http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2011-05-23/news/29574365_1_nac-recommendations-food-security-law-food-entitlements [ 7 ]. See available at http://articles. economictimes. ndiatimes. com/2011-12-23/news/30550903_1_food-subsidy-national-food-security-bill-grain [ 8 ]. Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, p. 230 [ 9 ]. As amended in 1965. [ 10 ]. Adopted by the World Food Summit, Rome, 13 to 17 November 1996. FAO. 1997. Report of the World Food Summit, Part One. Rome [ 11 ]. Adopted by the General Assembly on 10 December 1948. UN doc. A/811. [ 12 ]. General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (XXI), Annex, of 16 December 1966. [ 13 ]. General Assembly Resolution 44/25, Annex, of 20 November 1989. [ 14 ]. AIR 1989 SC 677. [ 15 ]. 2001. [ 16 ]. (1996) 2 SCC 549.